EVOLUSI TEORI KEPEMIMPINAN BIAYA: DARI PORTER HINGGA ERA EKONOMI DIGITAL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70248/joieaf.v2i4.3825Abstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi fase-fase evolusi teori kepemimpinan biaya dari era Porter hingga era ekonomi digital, menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang memicu perubahan teori, membandingkan konsep kepemimpinan biaya antar periode, serta memahami alasan muncul, bertahan, atau ditinggalkannya suatu konsep seiring perkembangan teknologi dan lingkungan bisnis. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan dengan pendekatan historis-evolusioner dan analisis tematik terhadap 130 artikel ilmiah yang diseleksi menggunakan protokol PRISMA 2020 dari database Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, dan ProQuest periode 1985–2025. Data dianalisis melalui analisis kronologis, analisis tematik menggunakan NVivo 14, dan analisis komparatif antar-periode. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teori kepemimpinan biaya mengalami evolusi melalui empat fase utama, yaitu era Porterian (1985–2000), era transisi (2001–2015), era digital awal (2016–2020), dan era AI/Generative (2021–2025). Pergeseran utama terjadi pada sumber keunggulan kompetitif yang berubah dari skala ekonomi dan aset fisik menuju skala data, kecerdasan buatan, dan ekosistem digital. Selain itu, hubungan antara strategi biaya rendah dan diferensiasi yang sebelumnya dianggap saling eksklusif berkembang menjadi strategi hibrida yang terintegrasi. Faktor pendorong utama perubahan teori meliputi globalisasi, transformasi digital, dan adopsi kecerdasan buatan yang mengubah cara perusahaan menciptakan efisiensi dan nilai. Simpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa teori kepemimpinan biaya tetap relevan di era ekonomi digital, namun memerlukan adaptasi terhadap perkembangan teknologi, data, dan kecerdasan buatan, sehingga keunggulan kompetitif tidak lagi bersifat berkelanjutan dalam jangka panjang, melainkan dinamis dan harus terus diperbarui melalui inovasi berkelanjutan.
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